(11)  TI: EXPERTISE AND MEMORY DEVELOPMENT - CROSS-SECTIONAL COMPARISON IN 
          THE DOMAIN OF CHESS
      LA: German
      AU: GRUBER_H, RENKL_A, SCHNEIDER_W
      NA: UNIV MUNICH,INST PADAGOG PSYCHOL & EMPIR PADAG,LEOPOLDSTR 
          51,D-80802 MUNICH,GERMANY
      JN: ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENTWICKLUNGSPSYCHOLOGIE UND PADAGOGISCHE 
          PSYCHOLOGIE 1994 Vol.26 No.1 pp.53-70
      AB: The present paper addresses two main research questions: (1) What 
          are the differences between experts within the domain of chess 
          and dropouts of expert careers? (2) How do chess-specific and 
          general memory skills change within several years? At two 
          measurements times, 27 experts and novices were studied. The 
          subjects' average age was 12 and 16 years, respectively. The 
          dropouts proved to have worse memory performance on 
          chess-specific tasks than experts, even at the time of first 
          measurement. Thus, the assumption of selective dropouts was 
          confirmed which questions the validity of cross-sectional 
          expert-novice comparisons. Both experts and novices improved 
          their chess-specific memory performance between the first and 
          second measurement times. For experts domain-specific factors 
          seem to account for this result, for novices this effect is due 
          to general developmental factors.
      KP: PERFORMANCE